按劳分配
1) distribution according to work; 2) “to each according to their work”
...
财税金融政策
fiscal, taxation and financial policies
...
城乡居民基本养老保险
basic old-age pension (scheme) for rural and non-working urban residents
...
城乡区域发展差距
development gaps between urban and rural areas and between regions
...
城镇职工基本养老保险
basic old-age pension (scheme) for urban employees
...
初次分配、再分配、（第）三次分配
(primary) distribution, redistribution, and third distribution
...
创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享的（新）发展理念
(new) vision of innovative, coordinated, green, open and shared development
...
创新发展
innovation-driven development
...
（跻身）创新型国家行列
1) join the ranks of global innovators 2) join the ranks of the world’s innovators
...
（进入）创新型国家前列
become a global leader in innovation
...
促进贸易和投资自由化便利化
promote trade and investment liberalization and facilitation
...
大国工匠
master technicians
...
“大金砖合作”
greater BRICS cooperation
...
大科学工程
Big Science project
...
大科学装置
Big Science facilities
...
（国际）顶尖科技人才
world-leading scientists and technological professionals
...
多边贸易体制
multilateral trading system
...
非公有制（经济）
1) non-public sector; 2) private sector
...
非共识创新
non-consensus innovation
...
改革开放综合实验平台
comprehensive pilot platforms for reform and opening up
...
高标准国际经贸规则/国际高标准经贸规则
the most demanding international economic and trade rules
...
高标准惠民生可持续
make (Belt and Road cooperation) high-standard, people-centered and sustainable
...
高技能人才
highly skilled workers
...
高水平安全
1) a high level of security；; 2) high-standard security
...
高水平保护
high-standard environmental protection
...
高水平（对外）开放
high-standard opening up
...
更高水平开放型经济
a higher-standard open economy
...
更高质量、更有效率、更加公平、更可持续、更为安全的发展
1) higher-quality development that is more efficient, equitable, sustainable and secure; 2) development of greater quality, efficiency, equity, sustainability and security
...
供给侧结构性改革
supply-side structural reform
...
规则、规制、管理、标准等制度型开放
institutional opening up with regard to/in terms of rules, regulations, management and standards
...
国际大科学计划
international Big Science plans
...
国家实验室
national laboratories
...
国家战略规划体系
national strategic planning system
...
国家重大战略需求
1) China’s strategic needs; 2) our country’s major strategic needs
...
（建设）海洋强国
1) build China into a maritime powerhouse; (首选) 2) build China into a strong maritime country
...
横琴粤港深度合作区
Guangdong-Macao In-Depth Cooperation Zone in Hengqin
...
基本养老保险
basic old-age pension schemes
...
基层“三保”工作（保基本民生、保工资、保运转）
ensure governments at the primary level have the resources they need to meet the people's basic living needs, pay salaries, and maintain normal government functions
...
基础研究
basic/fundamental research
...
技术路线
technology roadmaps
...
坚持陆海统筹、河海联动，持续推进重点海域综合治理。
continue with comprehensive conservation in key coastal waters by launching concerted source-to-sea initiatives
...
（建设）教育强国
build China into an education powerhouse
...
金砖国家工商论坛
BRICS Business Forum
...
金砖+
“BRICS Plus”
...
经济实力、科技实力、综合国力
economic strength, scientific and technological strength/capabilities, and composite national strength
...
经济体制改革
economic structural reform
...
精准脱贫/脱贫
targeted poverty elimination/alleviation
...
（建设）科技强国
1) build China into a sci-tech powerhouse；(首选) 2) build up China’s strength in science and technology； 3) build China into a country strong in science and technology
...
科教兴国战略
strategy for invigorating China through science and education
...
空中丝绸之路
Air Silk Road
...
跨里海国际运输走廊
trans-Caspian international transport corridor
...
昆明生物多样性基金
Kunming Biodiversity Fund
...
劳动者、劳动资料、劳动对象
labor, means of labor, and subjects of labor
...
两弹一星
China’s first atomic bomb, missile, and man-made satellite
...
“两高”项目：高耗能高排放项目
energy-intensive and high-emission projects
...
两个毫不动摇：毫不动摇地巩固和发展公有制经济，毫不动摇地鼓励、支持和引导非公有制经济发展
1) consolidate and develop the public sector and at the same time encourage, support and guide the development of the non-public sector 2) (commitments to) developing both the public and non-public sectors）
...
两个健康
the healthy development of the non-public sector and those working in it
...
六保：保居民就业、保基本民生、保市场主体、保粮食能源安全、保产业链供应链稳定、保基层运转
guarantee the Six Priorities: jobs, daily living needs, the operation of market players, food and energy security, industrial and supply chains, and the smooth functioning of grassroots government
...
六稳：稳就业、稳金融、稳外贸、稳外资、稳投资、稳预期
stabilize the Six Fronts: employment, the financial system, foreign trade, inbound investment, domestic investment, and market expectations
...
鲁班工坊
Luban Workshops
...
（建设）贸易强国
1) build China into a strong trading nation 2) make China a strong trading nation
...
能工巧匠
outstanding craftspeople
...
能耗“双控”：能源消费强度和总量双控
dual control over the volume and intensity of energy use
...
逆周期调节
countercyclical regulation
...
农民的土地承包经营权、宅基地使用权、集体收益分配权
rights to contract and utilize farmland, to secure a residential plot, and to share earnings from collective operations
...
（建设）农业强国
1) build China into an agricultural powerhouse (首选); 2) build up/boost China’s strength in agriculture
...
欧亚经济联盟
Eurasian Economic Union (EEU)
...
平台企业
platform enterprises
...
“破四唯”（破除唯论文、唯职称、唯学历、唯奖项）
Four Overemphases (overemphasis on research papers, academic titles, educational backgrounds, and awards）
...
普惠包容的经济全球化
universally beneficial and inclusive economic globalization
...
普惠型养老服务
inclusive eldercare services
...
气候变化南南合作基金
Climate Change South-South Cooperation Fund
...
强农惠农富农
boost/strengthen agriculture, benefit rural residents, and enrich rural areas
...
亲清（统一的新型）政商关系
a (new type of) cordial and clean relationship between government and business
...
《区域全面经济伙伴关系协定》
Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP)
...
全国统筹、节约优先、双轮驱动、内外畅通、防范风险
pool strengths nationwide, prioritize conservation, leverage the roles of the government and the market, coordinate our domestic and international efforts, and guard against risks
...
权力集中、资金密集、资源富集领域
sectors with a high concentration of power, funds and resources
...
《全面与进步跨太平洋伙伴关系协定》
the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP)
...
全要素生产率
total factor productivity
...
人才强国战略
1) strategy for building China into a talent powerhouse;（首选） 2) strategy for building a talent-strong country
...
人的全面发展
1）people’s well-rounded development; 2）well-rounded human/individual development 3）well-rounded development for all
...
人工智能安全
1) safety and security of artificial intelligence；; 2) safe and secure operation of artificial intelligence
...
人口高质量发展
high-quality population development
...
三大攻坚战：防范化解重大风险、精准脱贫、污染防治
the three critical battles against major risks, poverty, and pollution
...
“三个没有变” 指非公有制经济在我国经济社会发展中的地位和作用没有变，毫不动摇鼓励、支持、引导非公有制经济发展的方针政策没有变，致力于为非公有制经济发展营造良好环境和提供更多机会的方针政策没有变。
The status and role of the non-public sector in China's economic and social development have not changed, nor have our guidelines and policies of encouraging, supporting and guiding the growth of the sector and of devoting ourselves to creating a favorabl
...
三农：农业农村农民
agriculture, rural areas and rural people
...
三去一降一补：去产能、去库存、去杠杆、降成本、补短板
cut overcapacity, reduce excess inventory, deleverage, lower costs, and strengthen areas of weakness
...
沙地
sandy land(s)
...
山水林田湖草沙
mountains, waters, forests, farmlands, grasslands and deserts
...
社会主义基本经济制度
basic socialist economic system
...
生态扶贫
poverty alleviation by developing the eco-economy
...
生态保护修复投入机制
funding mechanisms for ecosystem protection and restoration
...
生态（保护）红线
1) red lines for ecological conservation; 2) ecological conservation red lines
...
（更加）市场化、法治化、国际化（一流）营商环境
1) a market-oriented, law-based and internationalized business environment; 2) a (world-class) business environment that is market-oriented, law-based and internationalized
...
《数字经济和绿色发展国际经贸合作框架倡议》
Initiative on International Trade and Economic Cooperation Framework for Digital Economy and Green Development
...
《数字经济伙伴关系协定》
Digital Economy Partnership Agreement (DEPA)
...
数字中国建设
build a digital China
...
双减
relieve students of excessive burdens from homework and off-campus tutoring during the compulsory education stage
...
双碳
dual carbon goals: (achieve/realize) peak carbon (dioxide) emissions and carbon neutrality（可简化为peak carbon and carbon neutrality）
...
“双一流”建设(建设中国特色、世界一流的大学和优势学科)
1) develop world-class universities and strong disciplines (with Chinese characteristics); 2) develop world-class universities and first-rate disciplines (with Chinese characteristics)
...
水、路、港、岸、产、城
waterways, highways, ports, shorelines, industries and cities
...
四个面向
target global sci-tech frontiers, serve the economy, meet major national needs, and strive to improve people's lives and health
...
碳汇能力
carbon sink capacity
...
碳排放总量和强度“双控”
dual control over the volume and intensity of carbon emissions
...
碳中和
reach (the goal of) carbon neutrality
...
（建设）体育强国
1) build China into a sporting powerhouse; (首选) 2) become a leading country in sports; 3) build China into a strong sporting nation/a country strong in sports
...
土地经营权
land use right
...
完整、准确、全面贯彻新发展理念
1) apply/implement the new development philosophy in full, to the letter, and in all fields; 2） fully, accurately and faithfully apply the new development philosophy
...
新安全格局
new security architecture
...
新产业新业态新模式
new industries and new business forms and models
...
新常态
new normal
...
新的社会阶层
New Social Groups
...
（中国新能源汽车、锂电池、光伏产品）“新三样”
“new trio” of new energy vehicles, lithium-ion batteries, and photovoltaic products
...
新时代中国特色社会主义经济思想
thought on the economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics for a new era
...
新时代中国特色社会主义生态文明思想
thought on eco-civilization of socialism with Chinese characteristics for a new era
...
新型城镇化战略
new urbanization strategy
...
新型举国体制
new system for mobilizing resources nationwide (to make key technological breakthroughs)
...
熊猫债
panda bonds
...
养老金融
pension finance
...
“1+N”政策体系
“1+N” policy framework (for reaching peak carbon emissions and carbon neutrality)
...
一流科技领军人才和创新团队
first-class/leading scientists and innovation teams
...
“一中心、一平台、一基地”
One Center, One Platform, One Base
...
宅基地所有权、资格权、使用权
collective ownership, household entitlement and the right to a residential plot
...
战略科学家
science strategists
...
中共中央组织部
Organization Department of the CPC Central Committee
...
中国进出口银行
Export-Import Bank of China (简称：China Eximbank，缩写CEXIM)
...
中国科学院院士
member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
...
中国特色反贫困理论
Chinese/China’s theory on fighting poverty
...
中国特色减贫道路
Chinese/China’s path to poverty reduction
...
中国特色社会主义文化
1) socialist culture with Chinese characteristics; 2) China’s socialist culture
...
中国哲学社会科学自主知识体系
China's knowledge system in philosophy and social sciences
...
中华民族独特的精神标识
distinctive/defining qualities of the Chinese nation
...
中华文明探源工程
Chinese Civilization Origins Project
...
中小微企业
micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs)
...
中央财经委员会
Central Commission for Financial and Economic Affairs
...
中央银行制度
central banking system
...
重点生态功能区
key eco-environmental functional zones
...
专精特新企业
specialized enterprises that use advanced technologies to produce unique and innovative products
...
专项扶贫、行业扶贫、社会扶贫互为补充的大扶贫格局
a comprehensive setup for poverty alleviation in which government-sponsored projects, sector-specific programs, and societal assistance supplement each other
...
卓越工程师
outstanding engineers
...
资源要素
1) resources and production factors; 2) resources
...
自然保护地体系（以国家公园为主体、以自然保护区为基础、以各类自然公园为补充）
protected areas system (with national parks as the mainstay, supported by nature reserves, and supplemented by natural parks)
...
自由贸易区
free trade area
...
自由贸易试验区
pilot free trade zone(s)
...
最不发达国家
the least developed countries (LDCs)
...
未来产业
future industries
...
“五位一体”总体布局：经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设、生态文明建设
Five-sphere Integrated Plan: to promote coordinated progress in the economic, political, cultural, social and eco-environmental fields
...
高质量发展
high-quality development
...
陆海内外联动、东西双向互济的开放格局
make new ground in opening China further through links running eastward and westward, across land and over sea
...
高水平科技自立自强
(achieve) greater strength and self-reliance in science and technology
...
京津冀协同发展
coordinated development of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region
...
进入新发展阶段、贯彻新发展理念、构建新发展格局
enter a new development stage, implement the new development philosophy, and foster a new development dynamic
...
小院高墙
“small yard, high fence”
...
新质生产力
new quality productive forces
...
乡村振兴战略
rural revitalization strategy
...
碳达峰
reach (the goal of) peak carbon (emissions)
...